Los ntawm 3D Printing mus rau 3D Organ Printing, Puas Yog Tib Neeg Los Ntawm Kev Luam Ntawv?

Txij xyoo 1980 mus txog niaj hnub no, 3D luam ntawv tau dhau mus ntev. Biological 3D luam ntawv, ua ib ceg tseem ceeb ntawm 3D luam ntawv, tau ua tiav zoo txij li nws tau thov nyob ib ncig ntawm 2000.

Tau kawg, biological 3D luam ntawv kuj muaj ntau theem, nrog rau kev tsim cov qauv tsis muaj biocompatibility, xws li 3D luam ntawv ntawm cov khoom rau kev phais txoj kev npaj, uas yog dav siv tam sim no, tsim cov khoom tsis degradable nrog biocompatibility yuav tsum, xws li titanium alloy pob qij txha, silicone prostheses rau kho qhov tsis xws luag, thiab tsim cov khoom degradable nrog biocompatibility yuav tsum, xws li active ceramic pob txha thiab degradable vascular stents, Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab kev txhawj xeeb tshaj plaws yog 3D luam ntawv ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog cev uas tswj cov cell nyob los tsim cov ntaub so ntswg bionic peb-dimensional.

Vim tias tib neeg xav tau lub neej txuas ntxiv mus, nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias kev luam ntawv hauv nruab nrog cev tau ua npau suav ntawm noob neej ntau txhiab xyoo, thiab luam ntawv lub neej yog qhov xav tau kawg ntawm noob neej. Tam sim no, tib neeg tab tom sim maj mus rau qhov kawg xav tau ntawm noob neej.

Vim li cas kuv thiaj xav tau 3D lub cev luam ntawv?

Lub realization ntawm biological 3D luam ntawv yog ze ze rau cov ntaub so ntswg engineering thiab regenerative tshuaj. Kev tsim cov ntaub so ntswg yog qhov kawg, thaum cov ntaub so ntswg engineering yog qhov txhais tau tias.

Ntawm lawv, lub tswv yim ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg engineering tau npaj los ntawm Feng Yuanzhen, tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas Asmeskas, thiab tau txiav txim siab los ntawm National Science Foundation ntawm Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 1987. Cov ntaub so ntswg engineering hais txog kev tso cov hlwb ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha los tsim cov khoom siv cell complexes, thiab ces implanting cell-muaj scaffolds rau hauv lub cev kom induce tsim cov ntaub so ntswg los yog cov khoom nruab nrog cev los ntawm kev siv nyob rau hauv-vivo ib puag ncig, thiaj li mus cuag lub qhov txhab kho thiab ua hauj lwm reconstruction. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg engineering yog cais cov fabrication ntawm scaffolds los ntawm cell adhesion, tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ua kom tiav cov deposition ntawm ntau hom thiab ntom ntawm cov cell ntawm ntau txoj hauj lwm ntawm scaffolds. Biological 3D luam ntawv tuaj yeem paub txog ntau lub xov tooj ntawm tes spatial directional manipulation thiab controllable deposition ntawm txawv cell densities, uas tsuas yog daws cov teeb meem tam sim no ntsib los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg engineering.

Tau ntev, kev tsim cov ntaub so ntswg lossis cov khoom nruab nrog cev hauv vitro yog lub hom phiaj ntawm tib neeg txoj kev nrhiav tsis tau. Ntawm ib sab, muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev. Txog tam sim no, ntau yam teeb meem kev kho mob, xws li lub raum tsis ua haujlwm thiab mob qog nqaij hlav, tseem raug kho los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev. Txawm li cas los xij, yeej ib txwm muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov neeg pub dawb hauv kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev allogeneic. Ob qho tib si hauv tebchaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb, vim tias tsis muaj khoom noj khoom haus pub dawb, qhov kev ua tiav ntawm kev sib tw tsis yog siab, thiab cov neeg mob uas xav tau kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev tsuas yog tos.

Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, raws li United States organ resource sharing network (UNOS), ib tus neeg mob tuag txhua 1.5 teev vim tias nws tsis tuaj yeem tos txog kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev, thiab ntau dua 8 lab tus neeg mob xav tau kev kho cov ntaub so ntswg txhua xyoo. Hauv Suav teb, raws li kev txheeb cais, kwv yees li 1.5 lab tus tib neeg xav tau kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev txhua xyoo vim qhov kawg ntawm lub cev tsis ua haujlwm, tab sis tsuas yog kwv yees li 10000 tus neeg tuaj yeem tau txais kev kho lub cev hloov pauv txhua xyoo, thiab qhov txwv ntawm cov kabmob muaj sia tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau. cov neeg mob.

Kev hloov lub raum ua piv txwv, 3000 tus neeg mob tau hloov pauv txhua xyoo, thiab qhov kev xav tau siab li 300000. Cov neeg mob feem ntau tsuas tuaj yeem ua tsis zoo lossis tseem tuag thaum tos ligands. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg mob uas xav tau kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev hauv Suav teb tseem nce ntau dua 10 feem pua ​​​​txhua xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev, uas yuav tsum tau siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob mus ntev.

Raws li qhov no, ib txoj hauv kev zoo yog qhov yuav tsum tau ceev nrooj los daws qhov tsis txaus ntawm tus neeg pub khoom nruab nrog cev thiab qhov tsis lees txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev. Kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob sai ntawm biological 3D luam ntawv thev naus laus zis muab cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab rau cov ntaub so ntswg lossis lub cev tsis txaus - Biological 3D luam ntawv tuaj yeem luam ncaj qha rau hauv lub cev lossis cov ntaub so ntswg hauv vitro lossis hauv vivo siv cov cell muaj sia los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov neeg laus qia hlwb. induced thiab sib txawv hauv vitro raws li cov khoom siv raw, yog li hloov cov khoom nruab nrog cev lossis cov ntaub so ntswg nrog kev ua haujlwm ploj.

Tam sim no, biological 3D luam ntawv tau ua qee yam kev ua tiav hauv kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev, thiab tau siv rau kev tsim kho thiab rov tsim kho ntawm daim tawv nqaij, pob txha, cov hlab ntsha, cov hlab ntsha, cov hlab ntsha, cov nqaij mos thiab cov pob txha mos.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob tam sim no xav tau qhov tseeb dua hauv cov qauv vitro. Cov kev daws teeb meem niaj hnub feem ntau ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ob sab ntawm tes thiab kev sim tsiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ob sab ntawm tes yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw peb sab hauv lub cev tiag tiag, thiab qee zaum, tej zaum yuav muaj qhov tsis sib xws, uas ua rau cov nqi siv tsawg. Ntxiv nrog rau ntau yam teeb meem kev coj ncaj ncees hauv kev sim tsiaj, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm ib puag ncig sab hauv ntawm tsiaj thiab tib neeg ib puag ncig.

Hauv lwm lo lus, yog tias tib neeg lub hlwb tuaj yeem siv los tsim kho peb qhov chaw ib puag ncig ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg lossis cov kabmob hauv vitro, qhov tsis xws ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab kev tsim cov ntaub so ntswg lossis cov kabmob hauv vitro tuaj yeem tsis ntseeg tau siv dav hauv tshuaj. kev tshuaj ntsuam thiab kab mob mechanism tshawb nrhiav.

Qhov no yuav ua li cas rau tib neeg yog kev dhia mus rau hauv cov tshuaj precision thiab tshuaj kho tus kheej. Tom qab tag nrho, muaj qhov tshwj xeeb thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua tus neeg lub cev qauv thiab cov kab mob pathological, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg mob uas tsis tshua muaj mob. Xav txog qhov kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev phais, cov kws kho mob tuaj yeem luam tawm tus neeg mob cov kab mob hauv qhov sib piv 1: 1 nrog kev pab los ntawm 3D tshuab luam ntawv, thiaj li ua tiav kev npaj ua ntej thiab kev xyaum ua kom meej rau qhov nyuaj, tsis tshua muaj thiab nyuaj.

Qhov no tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog muab cov kws kho mob nrog cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog peb-dimensional rau kev tsim cov phiaj xwm phais, tab sis kuj saib ua ntej tag nrho cov txheej txheem phais thiab txhim kho cov kev npaj phais nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ntau intuitive thiab muaj tiag, thiaj li los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev phais tiag tiag thiab txo. kev pheej hmoo phais. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau cov neeg mob sib txawv, 3D luam ntawv kev phais tus kheej tuaj yeem txo qhov kev raug mob thiab los ntshav ntawm kev phais, ua kom lub sijhawm ua haujlwm luv luv thiab txhim kho qhov raug ntawm kev phais.

Yog li ntawd, piv nrog cov cuab yeej kho mob ib txwm muaj, raws li kev hwm thiab paub txog qhov sib txawv ntawm tus kheej, 3D luam ntawv thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem paub txog kev hloov kho tus kheej tiag tiag thiab ua rau kev kho mob ntau dua.

Lub neej yav tom ntej yog nce ntxiv

Nyob rau xyoo 2003, Thomas Boland ntawm Clemson University tau ua tiav kev ua neej nyob ntawm tes luam ntawv los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab luam ntawv hloov kho HP (h550c) thiab number case cartridge (hp51626a), PBS tsis muaj suav hamster zes qe menyuam hlwb (CHO) thiab nas embryonic motor neuron hlwb li "bio ink", thiab soybean agar / collagen gel li "bio ntawv", thiab luam tawm nws thawj daim ntawv ntawm cell bio printing, uas tau tshaj tawm los ntawm xov xwm suav nrog American Science Journal thiab CNN. Xyoo 2004, pawg tshawb fawb tau thov rau thawj lub xovtooj ntawm tes thiab lub cev luam ntawv patent, thiab tau txais daim ntawv tso cai patent xyoo 2006. Tom qab ntawd, cov thev naus laus zis tau tso cai rau Organovo, lub tuam txhab nto moo lom neeg 3D luam ntawv sau npe hauv NASDAQ.

Txij thaum ntawd los, 3D luam tawm lub cev kuj tau nkag mus rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab coj ntau qhov kev cia siab rau cov tshuaj kho dua tshiab. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2010, Organovo tau tsim thawj bioprinted tib neeg cov hlab ntsha siv lub novogen MMX. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub tuam txhab tseem tau luam tawm cov qauv me me ntawm cov pob txha pob txha, cov pob txha thiab daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg, ua tiav cov hlab ntsha hauv cov nqaj qaum, thiab txiav txim siab txog kev npaj mus sij hawm ntev los tsim cov ntaub so ntswg tib neeg. Thaum xub thawj, qhov kev xav tau luam ntawv no feem ntau tsom rau kev kho myocardial, kev hloov paj hlwb lossis cov hlab ntsha, vim tias cov ntaub so ntswg me me thiab yooj yim luam tawm, thiab qhov ua tau ntawm kev kho mob kuj tseem ntau dua.

Xyoo 2012, cov kws tshawb fawb Scottish tau siv tib neeg lub hlwb los luam cov ntaub so ntswg nrog lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D thawj zaug. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lub chaw kho mob pej xeem ntawm University of Michigan tau tsim ib qho khoom siv trachea los ntawm 3D luam ntawv thev naus laus zis, thiab ua tiav lub ntiaj teb thawj 3D luam tawm lub cev tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog thawj zaug uas tib neeg siv 3D cov ntawv luam tawm los pab npaj thiab rov ua dua. Nws tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv New England Journal of Medicine nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 2013.

Hauv lwm qhov kev txhim kho sib txawv hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2012, Organovo tshaj tawm tias nws tau koom tes nrog Autodesk los tsim thawj 3D tsim software rau bioprinting. Nws qhib novogen MMX rau cov neeg siv ntau dua, yog li txhim kho qhov muaj thiab ua haujlwm ntawm bioprinting.

Raws li Keith Murphy, tus thawj coj thiab CEO ntawm Organovo, tau hais tias, lub hom phiaj ntev ntawm lub tuam txhab kev koom tes tshiab nrog Autodesk yog "sib zog ua kom cov neeg siv khoom tsim 3D cov koom haum lawv tus kheej, thiab tom qab ntawd cia Organovo ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim khoom". Ib yam li cov sculptors tam sim no tuaj yeem xa cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tshiab rau cov tuam txhab lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub, lawv tuaj yeem 3D luam tawm cov khoom yas lossis hlau. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov kws kho mob kuj tuaj yeem xa cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlab ntsha hloov pauv lossis tag nrho cov kabmob mus rau Organovo rau bioprinting, thiab tom qab ntawd Organovo yuav nthuav qhia cov khoom tiav rov qab. Hauv xyoo 2012, MIT Technology Review ranked Organovo ua ib qho ntawm 50 lub tuam txhab tshiab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, thiab hauv 2010, Time magazine ranked novogen MMX yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws inventions ntawm lub xyoo.

Hauv xyoo 2013, lub ntiaj teb thawj tus kheej 3D luam ntawv khoom peek pob txha cog (American OPM tuam txhab) tau pom zoo los ntawm FDA. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj ntawm tib lub xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Cornell University hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm tias lawv tau siv lub pob ntseg pob ntseg los luam pob ntseg pob ntseg hauv lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D, uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj qhov tsis zoo.

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2014, Organovo tau tshaj tawm nws cov khoom lag luam 3D luam tawm tib neeg lub siab cov ntaub so ntswg exvive3dtm rau kev kuaj tshuaj preclinical.

Nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 2015, Organovo tshaj tawm lub ntiaj teb thawj 3D bioprinted tag nrho cov cell raum cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Experimental Biology lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv Boston. Cov ntaub so ntswg tam sim no tsuas muaj sia nyob tau ob peb hnub nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw kuaj mob, thaum Organovo's 3D luam raum cov ntaub so ntswg tuaj yeem kav ntev "tsawg kawg ob lub lis piam".

Nyob rau hauv Suav teb, xibfwb Yan Yongnian ntawm Tsinghua University tau coj pab neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb txog kev siv tshuab lom neeg 3D luam ntawv nyob ib ncig ntawm 2002. Nyob rau xyoo 2004, nws tau coj pab neeg ua kom tiav cov xov tooj ntawm tes ncaj qha sau ntawv thiab xov tooj ntawm tes luam ntawv, thiab tsim kom muaj kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kev tsim khoom siv roj ntsha. kuaj, hu ua "thawj tus neeg hauv 3D luam ntawv hauv Suav teb".

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 2013, Hangzhou genovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (regenovo luv luv) tau koom tes nrog cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Hangzhou University of Electronic Science thiab thev naus laus zis thiab lwm lub tsev kawm qib siab kom ua tiav lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D uas tuaj yeem luam cov ntaub ntawv lom neeg thiab cov hlwb nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2015, genefit tau tsim lub cim thib peb ntawm bio 3D luam ntawv chaw ua haujlwm, uas tau ua tiav "luam" daim siab hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshuaj.

Niaj hnub no, nrog kev nce qib thiab kev loj hlob ntawm 3D bioprinting thev naus laus zis, yav tom ntej ntawm 3D bioprinting yog qhov ci ntsa iab.

Ua ntej 3D luam ntawv lub cev

Txawm li cas los xij, lub neej yav tom ntej ci ntsa iab tsis tau txhais hais tias cov txheej txheem yog du. Tom qab tag nrho, biological 3D luam ntawv yog ib qho kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm cov tshuaj, kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub neej, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuab, cov ntaub so ntswg engineering, kev tsim khoom, kev sim tshuaj thiab lwm yam. Peb qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev luam ntawv lub cev muaj sia yog cov hlwb, scaffolds thiab induction.

Direct cell assembly technology yog hais txog kev sib dhos ncaj qha ntawm cov cell lossis cell matrix cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv cov qauv uas xav tau raws li cov qauv 3D cov ntaub ntawv, thiab thaum kawg tsim cov ntaub so ntswg los yog lub cev los ntawm kab lis kev cai tom ntej.

Indirect cell sib dhos tshuab yog hais txog kev tsim lub cell kab lis kev cai scaffold nrog biomaterials, tom qab ntawd txuas cov hlwb mus rau cov haujlwm sib xws ntawm scaffold raws li cov qauv tsim los ntawm 3D qauv, thiab tom qab ntawd inducing hlwb kom muaj sia nyob mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev.

Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav tsum paub tias cov qauv ntawm lub cev nws tus kheej yog qhov nyuaj heev, thiab muaj ntau tshaj li ib lub cell hauv ib lub cev. Yuav ua li cas kom ua tiav txoj kev npaj ntawm ntau lub hlwb thiab tswj lawv txoj kev loj hlob tseem yog ib qho teeb meem nyuaj uas tau ntsib los ntawm lub cev luam ntawv. Siv cov hlab ntsha ua piv txwv. Cov hlab ntsha zoo li yooj yim hauv cov qauv, tab sis qhov tseeb, ntxiv rau muaj ntau txheej txheej ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv (cov hlab ntsha feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm endothelium, cov nqaij mos thiab fibroblasts), cov hlab ntsha phab ntsa kuj muaj cov haujlwm ntawm kev xaiv permeability, elasticity ntawm cov hlab ntsha phab ntsa thiab anticoagulation, uas ua rau nws nyuaj heev los tsim cov hlab ntsha nquag hauv vitro los hloov cov hlab ntsha hauv vivo.

Tsis tas li ntawd, yuav ua li cas kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv scaffold tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsim nyog rau tib neeg lub cev, kom cov hlwb tuaj yeem loj hlob zoo li qub, thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj li txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm tes, qhib lub tshuab luam ntawv thiab hloov tag nrho cov khoom qub tseem muaj teeb meem. kom daws tau.

Thaum kawg, kev siv cov khoom nruab nrog cev no tseem yuav ua rau muaj kev xav txog tib neeg qhov xwm txheej thiab kev coj ncaj ncees. Ib puag ncig kev pom zoo rau pej xeem uas tso cai rau kev siv cov thev naus laus zis ntsig txog tseem tab tom tsim kho. Qhov kev ua xyem xyav no txog kev luam ntawv lub cev tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tag nrho hauv cov ntawv xov xwm luv luv "kev tshwm sim chaw" los ntawm nidi okolafer.

Hauv cov ntawv tshiab, cov xov xwm hais tias Nigerian Thawj Tswj Hwm fengmi tau hloov pauv lub plawv zoo li hluav taws kub hnyiab, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam hauv tebchaws. Sib txawv ntawm cov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim no, lub paj hlwb tsim los ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam rau tus thawj tswj hwm tsis yog muab los ntawm cov tsiaj, tab sis yog raws li cov ntaub so ntswg, siv autologous qia hlwb thiab 3D tshuab luam ntawv.

Txawm hais tias cov thev naus laus zis no tau loj hlob hauv cov ntawv tshiab, hauv cov ntawv tshiab, Yiqi, tus thawj kws phais mob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tseem txhawj xeeb txog kev ua haujlwm zoo. Yog tias qhov kev tsis ntseeg ntawm izzi feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tiav lossis tsis ua tiav ntawm cov thev naus laus zis nws tus kheej, kev tawm tsam los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm tus tub xeeb ntxwv sibbi thiab yav dhau los tus thawj coj ochchuku tau kov rau lwm qhov teeb meem los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis: puas yuav muaj kev hloov pauv loj ntawm lub siab tom qab hloov lub plawv. , lossis tseem muaj peev xwm tswj tau? Qhov kev xav no tsis yog qhov kev xav tsis txaus ntseeg. Hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag tiag, ntau tus neeg mob lub siab hloov pauv hloov tus cwj pwm hauv qee lub sijhawm, thiab cov hauv paus hniav yuav yog cov kev hloov pauv ntawm endocrine los ntawm kev tsis lees paub.

Tus yuam sij rau qhov kev txhawj xeeb no yog: dab tsi yog tib neeg? Peb puas yuav tsum vam khom lub cev tag nrho, lossis lub cev thiab lub siab uas tuaj yeem xav thiab ua nws tus kheej? Txawm hais tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thev naus laus zis tsis yog nyob ntawm tib neeg lub siab nyiam, nws tseem yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog kev siv tshuab dual. Nws yuav tsum raug lees paub tias muaj ntau cov lus nug txog seb cov cuab yeej technology zoo lossis qhov phem feem ntau yog txoj hauv kev tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, uas yog, "yav dhau los, nws yog qhov tsis zoo, tam sim no nws nyuaj, thiab yav tom ntej. nws yog kev cai". Tom qab tag nrho, thaum tsim technology, yuav ua li cas kom siv tau zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov peb yuav tsum tau saib xyuas rau feem ntau.

3D luam tawm lub cev tej zaum yuav tau cog lus rau peb lub neej yav tom ntej zoo nkauj, tab sis ua ntej lub neej yav tom ntej los, peb tseem yuav tau ua dab tsi yog kom nkag siab txog cov thev naus laus zis no thiab tsis tso cai rau nws nrog kev coj ncaj ncees thiab siv cov cai - qhov tseeb, bio 3D luam ntawv yog deb ntawm kev ncav cuag. thawj lub tswv yim ntawm lub cev luam ntawv, thiab hauv vitro luam ntawv ntawm cov kabmob muaj sia uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev hloov pauv tseem muaj txoj hauv kev mus ntev.

nqe lus tseem ceeb